standard tier · 72 briefs · 1,368 runs · results db2e24e

CityFormGen

Generative and optimisation methods for middle housing, compared under matched compute

RESEARCH GENERATIVE-DESIGN BENCHMARK - NOT CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION OR CODE CERTIFICATION.

Daylight proxy

A geometric availability score, not a daylight simulation: no sky model, no climate file, no lux. It asks whether each habitable room has a usable window wall, facing a usable direction, with open ground in front of it, in a room shallow enough for light to reach the back.

How a room is scored

  • Window run — contiguous exterior wall of at least 1.2 m, measured per segment of each side.
  • Depth — room depth from that wall against the rule of thumb that useful daylight reaches about 2.5 times the window head height (about 6 m here). A rule of thumb, not a compliance test.
  • Obstruction — open ground in front of the window run, saturating at 6 m.
  • Orientation — a solar weight from 0.62 (north) to 1.0 (south). This assumes the northern hemisphere.

A room is scored on its best facade, with a bonus for genuine dual aspect; the design score is the mean over habitable rooms. A habitable room with no usable window run fails constraint C10 outright.

By method

Methodmedian scoremedian worst roomdesigns
Random search0.7050.508178
CP-SAT0.6860.4181,684
NSGA-II0.6740.32310,758
Simulated annealing0.6690.4135,108
Random sketch + repair0.6370.2747,952
Heuristic0.6060.2222,159
Heuristic-seeded NSGA-II0.5780.20411,121

Density against daylight

site utilisation 0.55–0.56, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 2 designssite utilisation 0.55–0.56, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 1 designssite utilisation 0.55–0.56, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 5 designssite utilisation 0.55–0.56, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 5 designssite utilisation 0.55–0.56, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 64 designssite utilisation 0.55–0.56, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 13 designssite utilisation 0.55–0.56, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 2 designssite utilisation 0.55–0.56, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 3 designssite utilisation 0.55–0.56, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 2 designssite utilisation 0.56–0.58, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 2 designssite utilisation 0.56–0.58, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 1 designssite utilisation 0.56–0.58, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 7 designssite utilisation 0.56–0.58, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 26 designssite utilisation 0.56–0.58, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 58 designssite utilisation 0.56–0.58, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 39 designssite utilisation 0.56–0.58, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 137 designssite utilisation 0.56–0.58, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 2 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 8 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 83 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 4 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 10 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 7 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 27 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 75 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 32 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 37 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 20 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 14 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 1 designssite utilisation 0.58–0.60, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 6 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 7 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 12 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 23 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 18 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 51 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 48 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 48 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 32 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 3 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 2 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 1 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 1 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 4 designssite utilisation 0.60–0.61, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 2 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 1 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 22 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 48 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 5 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 6 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 12 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 14 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 5 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 1 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 3 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 2 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 2 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 2 designssite utilisation 0.61–0.63, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 4 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 33 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 27 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 9 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 14 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 9 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 19 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 27 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 4 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 15 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 13 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 4 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 8 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 4 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 4 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 4 designssite utilisation 0.63–0.64, daylight score 0.92–0.94: 1 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 1 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 2 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 2 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 2 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 86 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 20 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 21 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 22 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 28 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 32 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 27 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 22 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 36 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 9 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 4 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 6 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 13 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 7 designssite utilisation 0.64–0.66, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 20 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 2 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 2 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 4 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 6 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 4 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 12 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 26 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 15 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 24 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 64 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 45 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 37 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 70 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 73 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 24 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 13 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 35 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 18 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 28 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 14 designssite utilisation 0.66–0.68, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 1 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 2 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 2 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 25 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 7 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 8 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 11 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 14 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 16 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 49 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 71 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 49 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 45 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 91 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 57 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 14 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 19 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 40 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 14 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 24 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 12 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 5 designssite utilisation 0.68–0.69, daylight score 0.92–0.94: 4 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 4 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 9 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 35 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 6 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 7 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 8 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 11 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 31 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 102 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 75 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 89 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 87 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 84 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 52 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 56 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 23 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 40 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 18 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 18 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 11 designssite utilisation 0.69–0.71, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 6 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 8 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 52 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 24 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 6 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 10 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 22 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 17 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 68 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 105 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 100 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 85 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 97 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 76 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 49 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 51 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 36 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 34 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 33 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 37 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 14 designssite utilisation 0.71–0.73, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 1 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 60 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 74 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 16 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 13 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 14 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 27 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 50 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 135 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 132 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 186 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 125 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 162 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 199 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 72 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 61 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 53 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 45 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 40 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 33 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 24 designssite utilisation 0.73–0.74, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 2 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 6 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 82 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 51 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 18 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 31 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 43 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 27 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 51 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 130 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 103 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 143 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 126 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 173 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 173 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 113 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 89 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 80 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 49 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 54 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 32 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 24 designssite utilisation 0.74–0.76, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 3 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 19 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 78 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 79 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 60 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 45 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 35 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 29 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 71 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 104 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 87 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 149 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 181 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 184 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 159 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 131 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 89 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 78 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 55 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 46 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 33 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 17 designssite utilisation 0.76–0.77, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 9 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 2 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 4 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 46 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 54 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 39 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 87 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 44 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 19 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 26 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 166 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 163 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 155 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 153 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 213 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 215 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 167 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 116 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 89 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 77 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 45 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 40 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 26 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 7 designssite utilisation 0.77–0.79, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 7 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 2 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 40 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 54 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 49 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 30 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 24 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 23 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 52 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 136 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 192 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 281 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 206 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 201 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 243 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 179 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 155 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 111 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 78 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 56 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 38 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 66 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 28 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 8 designssite utilisation 0.79–0.81, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 10 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 6 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 32 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 47 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 32 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 28 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 25 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 16 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 76 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 108 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 172 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 129 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 163 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 212 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 260 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 143 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 122 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 109 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 123 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 72 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 46 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 60 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 19 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 18 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 6 designssite utilisation 0.81–0.82, daylight score 0.92–0.94: 2 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 10 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 44 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 44 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 35 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 36 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 39 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 48 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 221 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 88 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 172 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 131 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 167 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 193 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 272 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 161 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 123 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 138 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 112 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 117 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 69 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 70 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 41 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 26 designssite utilisation 0.82–0.84, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 9 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 17 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 29 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 27 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 50 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 32 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 31 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 61 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 74 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 61 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 104 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 168 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 205 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 187 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 170 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 169 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 139 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 117 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 113 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 112 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 57 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 94 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 57 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 17 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 6 designssite utilisation 0.84–0.85, daylight score 0.92–0.94: 3 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 16 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 17 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 33 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 27 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 12 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 31 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 31 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 48 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 76 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 90 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 155 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 177 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 217 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 210 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 139 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 178 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 115 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 66 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 70 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 81 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 73 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 38 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 26 designssite utilisation 0.85–0.87, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 10 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 16 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 20 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 17 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 28 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 8 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 12 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 42 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 64 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 55 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 70 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 114 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 165 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 232 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 156 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 171 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 204 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 109 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 70 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 73 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 97 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 65 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 21 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 27 designssite utilisation 0.87–0.89, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 8 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.30–0.32: 1 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 12 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 23 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 71 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 26 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 24 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 73 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 40 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 77 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 65 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 74 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 117 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 191 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 200 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 126 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 112 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 158 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 110 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 84 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 92 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 99 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 66 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 18 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 28 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 7 designssite utilisation 0.89–0.90, daylight score 0.92–0.94: 1 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.27–0.30: 2 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.30–0.32: 1 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 1 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 33 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 65 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 18 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 46 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 37 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 52 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 97 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 40 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 102 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 98 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 205 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 160 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 155 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 127 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 156 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 86 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 67 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 89 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 78 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 76 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 31 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 32 designssite utilisation 0.90–0.92, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 12 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.27–0.30: 4 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 13 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 71 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 39 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 48 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 38 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 38 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 120 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 83 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 57 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 105 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 127 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 118 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 163 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 190 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 145 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 124 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 100 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 83 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 80 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 80 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 53 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 19 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 13 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 2 designssite utilisation 0.92–0.94, daylight score 0.92–0.94: 1 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.25–0.27: 2 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.27–0.30: 7 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.30–0.32: 13 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 6 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 167 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 26 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 53 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 158 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 174 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 265 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 74 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 61 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 115 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 160 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 150 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 154 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 168 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 179 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 89 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 106 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 55 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 58 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 92 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 131 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 30 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 10 designssite utilisation 0.94–0.95, daylight score 0.89–0.92: 3 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.25–0.27: 6 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.27–0.30: 5 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.30–0.32: 11 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 35 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 38 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 18 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 67 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 262 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 211 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 117 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 136 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 118 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 133 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 122 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 160 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 126 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 149 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 99 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 89 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 63 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 56 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 73 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 76 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 28 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 5 designssite utilisation 0.95–0.97, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 18 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.25–0.27: 20 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.27–0.30: 3 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.30–0.32: 8 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 12 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 13 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 34 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 122 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 73 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 37 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 57 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 137 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 189 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 131 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 116 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 148 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 151 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 67 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 54 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 44 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 45 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 49 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 65 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 37 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 44 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 7 designssite utilisation 0.97–0.98, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 14 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.25–0.27: 26 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.27–0.30: 15 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.30–0.32: 13 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.32–0.35: 7 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.35–0.37: 53 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.37–0.40: 170 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.40–0.42: 356 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.42–0.45: 103 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.45–0.47: 63 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.47–0.50: 214 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.50–0.52: 123 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.52–0.55: 135 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.55–0.57: 461 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.57–0.60: 363 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.60–0.62: 233 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.62–0.65: 125 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.65–0.67: 54 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.67–0.70: 139 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.70–0.72: 107 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.72–0.75: 85 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.75–0.77: 71 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.77–0.79: 111 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.79–0.82: 51 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.82–0.84: 21 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.84–0.87: 4 designssite utilisation 0.98–1.00, daylight score 0.87–0.89: 2 designs0.550.660.770.891.000.250.420.600.770.94site utilisation →↑ daylight score
All 38,960 feasible designs. Darker cells hold more designs (log scale); hover a cell for its count.

Within a brief, denser plans score lower on daylight: mean Spearman ρ -0.36 (-0.45–-0.27) over 58 briefs. Filling more of the envelope buries more rooms behind other rooms. This is the clearest trade-off in the benchmark, and it holds inside the proxy only.